Nazism, Fascism and the
Theosophical
Movement During the Twentieth
Century
Carlos Cardoso Aveline
The aftermath of a Nazi bombing raid, in
London
“To form
the nucleus of a Universal
Brotherhood
of Humanity, without
distinction
of race, creed, sex, caste or color.”
[The first and main object of
the theosophical
movement, founded in 1875 in
New York City]
In
a world still partly dominated by bigotry and by ritualistic religions, it is
only natural that the theosophical movement
- being rather a non-violent extinguisher of illusions - should be
attacked in various ways, from within and from without.
As an instance of such attacks we have a variety of baseless texts which
accuse the theosophical movement of having had sympathies for Nazism or Fascism.
There are various sources of disinformation around the subject of Theosophy and
Hitlerism, and it seems proper to bring
some evidence about the actual relationship between the two, including the
period during the Second World War.
Nazism misused Hindu sacred symbols with selfish goals. Nazi leaders practiced
some kind of anti-humanistic sorcery, and they had much in common with the disguised
“mysticism of hatred and violence” which was carefully developed by the Jesuits
and used by the Vatican since the 16th century. Of course, the Vatican has
always been against Theosophy, for Theosophy proposes universal brotherhood and
denounces and fights every form of religious dogmatism.
As facts often speak by themselves, we will start by examining the
actual situation, country by country,
during the second world war.
* In May 1940, the Netherlands
Section of the Adyar Theosophical Society
was closed right after the German invasion. Theosophical activities went
on privately and clandestinely, although they were forbidden by the Nazi
invaders. [1]
*
* In France, a few days after the German army entered Paris, military officers
closed the headquarters. Later they carried away records, library books, and
other objects belonging to the Adyar Society. A few months after that the Vichy
[Nazi-controlled] government dissolved the Society and twice all Civil Servants
had to declare they were not members of it.
The Gestapo took the headquarters building in Paris and made it their centre
for their Secret Service. [3] This
is interesting because the Gestapo used jesuitic and sorcery-oriented
procedures, as we will see later on in the present article. They might be
interested in taking advantage of any “subtle magnetism” created by
theosophical studies.
In spite of the Nazi occupation, some meetings of Adyar Society members went
on in France, clandestinely. The
movement went back to life as soon as the Allies liberated the country.
* The Greek Section of the Adyar Society made a pronouncement to all
theosophists worldwide denouncing
invasion of Greece by Benito Mussolini’s, Fascist Italy. [4] We must remember that the Vatican - located in Rome - officially supported the
Fascism in Italy.
* The Italian Section of the Theosophical Society had been dissolved in
1939 by the Fascist Government. Some informal activity was kept and the work came
back to public life in 1946. [5]
* After Poland’s invasion,
members of the Adyar Society in Hungary helped masses of Polish refugees
arriving in that country, some of
whom were Theosophists. [6]
* In Germany, the theosophical movement was dissolved and forbidden from
1939 through 1945. Only a few private meetings took place clandestinely. [7]
* In Norway, all theosophical activities were forbidden since the invasion of the country by the
Nazis in April 1940, and up to its final
Liberation in 1945. [8]
* In England, Josephine Ransom reports that the Adyar Society work was
much hampered, though lectures and classes continued despite heavy air-raids
and some bombs falling so near to headquarters that windows were shattered and ceilings fell. [9]
* In the New Year of 1942, George Arundale, an English citizen and then the
international president of the Adyar Society, once more urged India to
participate whole-heartedly in the war against the Nazis. [10]
* As to C. Jinarajadasa, who in those days played a leading worldwide
role with regard to the inner or esoteric activities of the Adyar Society, L. H. Leslie-Smith wrote:
“Brother Raja spent the greater part of the period of the second war in
London, which had become the headquarters for many European governments whose
lands had been overrun and also for the Theosophical Society in Europe. He
lived at 33 Ovington Square to make it a spiritual centre and focus of theosophical inspiration during the dark
years. From there, by means of a vast
correspondence, he gave comfort and
encouragement to members in all countries where there was still a postal
service. He often worked through the night till four o’clock, and a pile of letters would be left on the
floor for his secretary later to stamp
and dispatch to various parts of the world.”
And L. H. Leslie-Smith adds: “He played a courageous citizen’s part as a volunteer in
the Air-Raid Precautions service [Special Fire Guard]. His attitude to danger
was exemplified one afternoon when the present writer was sitting with him in his first-floor room at 33
[Ovington Square]. The sirens sounded to give warning of enemy bombers
approaching. He registered the warning,
and we went on talking. A few minutes later there was the crescendo whine of a
bomb coming down - still no reaction;
then the crash of the explosion not far
distant. The conversation continued without the flicker of an eyelid to its natural conclusion.” [11]
The United Lodge of
Theosophists
* The Pasadena Theosophical Society and the United Lodge of Theosophists
(U.L.T.) were both founded in the United
States - as the theosophical movement itself - and are, even now, most active in this country. During World War
II, “Theosophy” magazine, published in Los Angeles by U.L.T. associates, criticized a few times,
mostly in small notes, aspects and
events of the war. It showed how unfortunate wars in general are. This
was made from the philosophical perspective of the sacred wisdom and ancient tradition, and on
the basis of the principles of non-violence (ahimsa) and universal brotherhood.
[12]
* From 1931 and up to 2011, every year around June 25 the central office
of the United Lodge of Theosophists in Los Angeles used to send a letter to its
Associates and friends all over the world. The yearly U.L.T. Letter dated June
25, 1941, opened with these words:
“This year, as our annual greeting goes to members of the United Lodge
of Theosophists everywhere, it is with no certainty that the message will reach
its destination by other than ‘astral’ mail. Last year, London Associates read
the U.L.T. Letter in a cellar while bombs burst overhead; this year, their
building is gone, save for two rooms and the books, while meetings still
continue, the London Bulletin has been published regularly, and lecture
work has been extended to Bath and Salisbury.”[13]
* In the following year, 1942,
the U.L.T. Letter expressed a feeling of admiration for its London Associates:
“Theosophists there set courageous example in the moral striving that
the world at large needs so much to learn. Without hate, without despair,
without condemnation of any human soul, the London work goes under terrific
stress and growing privation. This is an
immortal spirit worthy of a brave people.....”
The text goes on then to comment on the Nazi occupied Norway:
“Elsewhere, in lands suffering the heavy hand of occupation, the moral
life of the people grows strong. From Norway, where regular meetings are no
longer possible, came this stirring word last summer; ‘.... it seems that present trials make people more open-minded and eager to listen and to
realize; so the possibility of more and more people turning to the study of
philosophy is greater and the prospect brighter’.” [14]
* In 1943 and 1944, the U.L.T.
Letters accompanied the sustained effort to keep the theosophical movement
active in spite of war. In 1945, it greeted the end of war and the progress of
the U.L.T. in London. In 1946, it announced that, after the Nazi defeat,
regular meeting of the U.L.T. were once more in session in the Paris Lodge as
in other parts of Europe.
A
Letter From Jean Overton Fuller
British theosophist Ms. Jean Overton Fuller lived and wrote near London.
She was one of the main biographers of H.P.B.
Author of “Blavatsky and Her
Teachers” [15] , among her various
books there are other interesting biographies, including works on the Comte of
St. Germain and on Francis Bacon. She lived
a long life of service and died in 2009, at 94. Jean not only studied History. She lived it,
too. In 2006, I had already started to investigate the true relationship
between Nazism and Theosophy, and asked her to write down a few commentaries on
the Second World War. Jean wrote, in a
letter dated 27 May 2006:
“Dear Carlos,”
“I was pleased to hear from you again but shocked to learn from you that
there has appeared a book, UNHOLY ALLIANCE [16],
which accuses the Theosophical Society of having inspired Hitler. This is of course nonsense.”
“I lived in London throughout the war, through the Blitz and through the
V missiles. I worked from 9-5 daily for
a Government Department, the Postal Censorship Department of the Ministry of
Information, and at night, three nights a week, I worked, first in caring for
people whose houses had been destroyed by bombing, then as a trained fire-fighter belonging to a group that liaised
with the regular Fire Brigade. If the
alarm went and it was my night on duty I
had to get out of my bed and go and stand on a cold doorstep, with others, with
pick-axe, bucket and a hose ... I was also a member of the Theosophical Society.
My membership dates from 1942, and never did I hear within it any expression of
liking for the Nazis!”
“But wondering what could have given this writer this strange, erroneous idea, it came to me that the
tracing of the origin of the races – particularly as it is set out in A. E.
Powell’s book THE SOLAR SYSTEM, based on texts here and there by Annie
Besant and C.W. Leadbeater, from their
researches, could give to someone’s becoming over-interested in race. I am sure neither Mrs. Besant or Leadbeater ever thought to
encourage racial discrimination. Discrimination against any race or religion
would be in direct contradiction to the Society’s First Object. But I imagine
to what use a mind like Hitler’s could put those texts. I am glad to have your useful information
about what happened to the T.S. in the various countries occupied by the
Germans.”
The Arcane School and World
Good Will
* Originated in the Theosophical Movement and founded by Alice
Bailey, the Arcane School, the “World
Good Will” and its “New Group of World
Servers” got totally engaged in actively supporting the Allies during the
Second World War. Bailey even criticized
the pacifism of Mahatma Gandhi - who as an activist was very much inclined
against the British and found it perhaps politically profitable not to support them against the Germans, but was criticized for it.
In August 1942, Alice Bailey wrote about “...The pacifist attitudes
- idealistic and impractical and finding their focus today in the attitude of
Gandhi. He brings into clear perspective the uncompromising, fanatical attitude
which is non-realistic and which will willingly sacrifice lives, nations and
the future of humanity in order to attain its object.” Throughout her writings in the years of War,
Bailey described the Allied and democratic nations as inspired by the Masters,
and Hitler’s Axis as inspired by hatred and evil motives. [17] Ms. Bailey was right in this respect and in
general lines. For theosophy needs liberty of thought and respect for human
rights.
Jiddu Krishnamurti
* Jiddu Krishnamurti, who left the Adyar Theosophical Society in 1929,
had a radical pacifist position. On describing the 1942 events, his personal
friend and biographer Mary Lutyens admits:
“For those in England who had
been proud to stand alone against Nazi aggression, who had felt exalted by the
Battle of Britain, who had thrilled to Churchill’s words and somehow managed to
contain their terror during the blitz,
believing passionately that they were fighting the embodiment of evil,
Krishnamurti’s pacific outpourings from such paradises as Ojai [in California],
Martha’s Vineyard and the Sequoia National Park were hard to take. Lady Emily
evidently told him as much with some asperity and accused him of escaping from
horror...”. [18]
This was not the only mistake made by Krishnamurti, who - since 1929 - was
not a member of the theosophical movement. Yet, whatever one’s opinion about
Mr. Krishnamurti’s pacifist attitude, he clearly cannot be accused of having
sympathies for Nazism or Fascism.
The Theosophical Ideal in the
United Nations’ Charter
* After Adolf Hitler’s defeat, the United Nations Organization emerged
in 1945 as a global network of countries. This occurred exactly 70 years after
the Theosophical Movement was founded, in 7 September 1875. The period of seven decades is
numerologically significant. Probably it is also not a coincidence that the
U.N. is established in New York, the
very same city where the theosophical movement - its own occult archetype - was
founded.
* The first and main object of the theosophical movement, which refers
to the ideal of Universal Brotherhood, was clearly adopted by the United
Nations. The first Article of the U.N. Charter, which states the four Purposes
and Principles of the U.N., is
profoundly theosophical. The United
Nations goals are:
“1) To maintain peace and
security (...); 2) To develop
friendly relations among nations (...); 3)
To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an
economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4)
To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of
these common ends.” [19]
* Since 1945, the victory of the
Allies has been officially celebrated every 8th of May. And it is the very same day when H.P. Blavatsky died in 1891, and when theosophists have celebrated her life since her
departure. Another interesting numerological “co-incidence” is that Harry
Truman - the President of the U.S.A. during the last moments of the War - was born precisely in a 8th of May.
Considering the facts mentioned above, it is not difficult to arrive to,
at least, one conclusion.
Whatever criticisms one may have with regard to this or that
theosophical organization - and there are many - it is a simple matter of
common sense to admit that all of the
movement, including Adyar Society, is naturally and intrinsically in favour of
liberty and democracy, and against any disrespect for human life. The movement
has an inherent tendency towards its main goal, universal brotherhood.
How the Vatican Gave Support
to Adolf Hitler
In the paragraphs above, we saw that
Nazism and Fascism persecuted the theosophical movement in every nation they
dominated, both before and during the second world war. The movement only came back to normal life after Hitler and Mussolini
were defeated by the democratic nations.
Let’s now examine another side of the problem. What exactly were the
relationships among the German Nazism, the Italian Fascism, and the Vatican?
There was an uneasy but intimate cooperation among the three. It started
in the early 1920s, as author John Cornwell demonstrates in his well-documented
book “Hitler’s Pope - The Secret History
of Pius XII” [20]. The Vatican also gave its decided support to
the violent pro-Nazi dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain.
Eugenio Pacelli was the Pope’s representative in Germany during the
1920s. He would later become Pope Pius XII. Pacelli played a key and central role in preventing
German catholics, traditionally democrats, from resisting Hitler’s political march to
absolute power. Thanks to Pacelli, as
soon as Hitler took the power in 1933 German Catholicism gave Nazism an active
support. (Lutheran Church was already supporting the Nazis for some
time.)
As to Italy, in 1929 pope Pius XI signed a comprehensive Agreement with
the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. All of this confirmed the existence of
strong mutual help mechanisms between the Roman Church and Nazi-Fascism.
It was no coincidence, then, that
in 1930 Eugenio Pacelli left Nazi Germany to go to Rome and to work there as
Secretary of State. In 1939, Pacelli was
formally made Pope and adopted the name
of Pius XII. John Cornwell reports that
almost immediately after that Pacelli wrote a
kind and friendly letter to Adolf Hitler, renewing his personal
commitment to the “alliance between Church and State” in Germany, and saying he
would remain “devoted to the welfare of the German people, which is under your
guidance”. [21]
Another Historian, Paul Johnson, writes about this:
“Pius XII, elected pope in March
1939, could hardly wait to send Hitler a
friendly letter. He refused to condemn the absorption of Czechoslovakia
a few days later, although he knew this
meant the Czech Catholics (...) would immediately lose their
schools. (...) In April 1939,
Protestants and Catholics rang their
bells [ in Germany ] for Hitler’s
birthday, and Cardinal Bertram, the Catholic primate, sent him a
greetings-telegram.” [22]
Adolf Hitler now had the blessings of the Vatican, and they opened room
for him to deepen his policy of mass-murder, and to spread it around the world.
There was one group of Christians which resisted Hitler, though. It was
the Jehova’s Witnesses. Paul Johnson
writes:
“They refused any cooperation with
the Nazi state, which they denounced as totally evil. (...) Many were sentenced to death for refusing
military service and inciting others to do likewise; or they ended in Dachau
and lunatic asylums. One third were actually killed; ninety-seven per cent
suffered persecution in one way or another.” [23]
These, of course, are but a few
data about the cooperation between the Vatican and Hitler. There are plenty of them available.
From a theosophical perspective,
we should remember how radically H. P. Blavatsky and her Masters opposed and denounced the Vatican policies, and especially the
Jesuits. It is enough to read about that
in “The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett”,
especially Letter XXX in the Theosophical University Press edition [24].
In this letter, a comparison is made between the antagonically
different methods used by the Jesuits
and by the Himalayan Masters of the Wisdom. A Master writes in the Letter:
“As I once said before, they [
id est, the Jesuits ] know that what they teach is a lie; and we know
that what we impart is truth, the only truth and nothing but the truth. They work
for the greater power and glory (!) of their
order; we - for the power and final glory of individuals, of isolated
units, of humanity in general (....). They work, and toil, and deceive, for the sake of the worldly
power in this life; we work and toil,
and allow our chelas to be temporarily deceived,
to afford them means never to be deceived hereafter; and to see the whole evil
of falsity and untruth, not alone in this but in many future lives. They - the Jesuits - sacrifice the inner
principle, the spiritual brain of the Ego, to feed and develop the better the
physical brain of the personal and evanescent man, sacrificing the whole
humanity to offer it as a holocaust to
their Society - the insatiable monster feeding on the brain and marrow of
humanity, and developing an incurable cancer on every spot of healthy flesh it
touches. We - the criticized and misunderstood Brothers - we seek to bring men to sacrifice their
personality - a passing flash - for the welfare of the whole humanity, hence
for their own immortal Egos, a part
of the latter, as humanity is a fraction of the integral whole, that it will
one day become. They are trained to
deceive; we - to undeceive (...)”. [25]
This is how true Theosophy sees the Vatican and Jesuitism.
On the other hand, one cannot but perceive that there is an interesting “inner”, essential connection between Hitler’s Nazism and the Jesuits. This has been frankly described by the Jesuit historian Vincent A. Lapomarda in
his book “The Jesuits and the Third Reich”.
Quoting from various Nazi documents, Lapomarda seems to be almost proud to bring varied evidence on this point. He
wrote, repeating the words of another author:
“Himmler modelled his SS so
closely on the Jesuits that even Hitler called him ‘my Ignatius Loyola’.”
Lapomarda also reports:
“Himmler kept a medieval castle, the Wevelsburg, which served, so to
say, as the SS monastery.”
Quoting another author in the same page, the Jesuit admits:
“...Hitler not only regarded the SS as his Jesuit Order but insisted
that these Nazis became familiar with The
Spiritual Exercises written by St. Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the
Society of Jesus.” [26]
Two of the main reasons why the theosophical movement was persecuted
both by Nazism and the Vatican were: 1) that it has been envisioned and created
as a nucleus of the Universal
Brotherhood; and 2) that
the idea of Universal Brotherhood inspires its main declared object and the
substance of its activities.
The Nazi military defeat was, therefore, a grave political defeat for the Vatican.
Since the end of World War II, the
Jesuits never regained the influence they had before, or during, the years when
the Nazi-Fascist freely developed their criminal activities.
On the other hand, it has been a most fortunate and meaningful “coincidence” that the main theosophical goal, universal brotherhood,
was clearly adopted in 1945 as part of the Charter of the United Nations Organization.
Since then it has been one of the main long term objects of the whole
U.N. system - or perhaps the central one.
Theosophy
and Theodor Herzl
The affinity between esoteric
philosophy and Judaism is expressed in the writings of Helena P. Blavatsky, who
frequently quotes from Jewish sources. [27]
On the other hand, the project
of the modern Zionist movement has basic points in common with the theosophical
ideal of universal brotherhood. In his prophetic 1902 novel “The Old New Land”,
which anticipates the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, Theodor Herzl
wrote that it does not matter to what race or religion a man belongs. All religions
and philosophies must have the same rights in a just society. [28]
Theosophy is interdisciplinary. It needs an open mind to be understood. Speaking from
Judaism, Jonathan Sacks quotes in one of his writings these words from Rabbi Abraham
Isaac Kook:
“The narrow-mindedness that leads one to see whatever
is outside the bounds of one’s own people… as ugly and defiled is a terrible
darkness that causes general destruction to the entire edifice of spiritual
good, the light of which every refined soul hopes for.” [29]
The first
half of the 21st century is not the appropriate moment to lose time in
promoting mutual respect among nations, and between this or that cultural tradition.
Wars are avoided on
the basis of free and sincere debate. A frank search for truth is necessary,
and due distance must be kept from the mental dictatorship of “politically
correct” opinions. Wrong ideas must
be shown as false, if they are so indeed. Thinking cannot be prohibited in the
name of dominant opinion.
The goodwill and understanding
between countries must take place in accordance with the rule of respect for
truth. The law of constant
self-improvement of all that lives
is unavoidable. A patient and
constructive action, combined with firm
measures when necessary, is probably the best policy to promote unconditional
brotherhood, in the long term.
NOTES:
[1] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society, A Short History of the Society
(1926-1950)”, by Josephine Ransom, TPH, Adyar, 1950, 252 pp., see pp. 106-107.
[2] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 107.
[3] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, pp. 107-108.
[4] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 109.
[5] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 109.
[6] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 110.
[7] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 111.
[8] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 111.
[9] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, p. 121.
[10] “The Seventy-Fifth
Anniversary Book of the Theosophical Society”, pp. 122-123.
[11] “The Theosophist”,
a monthly magazine, Adyar, India, vol.
97, No. 03, December 1975, p.
123.
[12] See for instance
“Theosophy” editions for December 1940,
p. 96 ; June 1942, pp. 382-383; August
1942, pp. 471-473; September 1943, pp. 481-484; January 1946, pp. 111-115 (on atomic bombs);
February 1946, pp. 150-153 (also on atomic bombs).
[13] “United Lodge of
Theosophists”, Los Angeles, California, U.L.T. Letter dated June 25,
1941. See in our associated websites the compilation “The ULT Day Letters,
1931-1960”, in PDF.
[14] “United Lodge of
Theosophists”, Los Angeles, California, U.L.T. Letter dated June 21, 1942.
See in our associated websites the compilation “The ULT Day Letters,
1931-1960”.
[15] “Blavatsky and Her
Teachers”, Jean Overton Fuller, East-West Publications, London/The Hague, in association with the TPH/London, copyright
1988, 270 pp.
[16] “Unholy Alliance:
A History of the Involvement of the Nazi with the Occult”, a book by Peter
Levenda, mentioned in the magazine “Insight”, the journal of the Adyar
Theosophical Society in England, Spring 2006 edition, p. 30.
[17] “The
Externalization of the Hierarchy”, by Alice A. Bailey, Lucis Publishing Co.,
New York, Lucis Press Ltd., London, copyright 1957, fourth printing 1972, 744
pp., see p. 368. The whole book takes an activist viewpoint, strongly supporting
the Allied and democratic countries.
[18] “Krishnamurti, The
Years of Fulfilment”, by Mary Lutyens, New York, Farrar Straus Giroux,
copyright 1983, 248 pp., see p. 56. For
more information on Krishnamurti and the
Second War, look at pp. 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61.
[19] See also Chapter
IX, Article 55, clauses (b) and (c). The
Charter is published and widely distributed
by the U.N. Its text can be seen at the “Encyclopaedia
Britannica”, William Benton, Editor,
1967, volume 22, p. 570.
[20] Penguin Books, London,
1999. In the Portuguese language, see “O
Papa de Hitler, a História Secreta de Pio XII”, Ed. Imago, RJ, Brazil, 2000,
472 pp.
[21] “Hitler’s Pope -
The Secret History of Pius XII”, Penguin
Books, Chapter 12.
[22] “A History of Christianity”,
Paul Johnson, Penguin books, England,
1976, 556 pp., see p. 489.
[23] “A History of
Christianity”, Paul Johnson, Penguin books,
see p. 489.
[24]
T.U.P., Pasadena, CA, USA, 1992, see pp. 228-240. The same letter is numbered as
Letter 74 in the Chronological Edition of “The Mahatma Letters”, TPH,
Philippines, 1993, 600 pp., see pp.
219-230.
[25] “The Mahatma
Letters”, see p. 231 in the TUP edition; and pp. 222-223, chronological
edition, TPH-Philippines.
[26] “The Jesuits and
the Third Reich”, Vincent Lapomarda, The Ewin Mellen Press, Lewiston,
Queenston, Lampeter, Wales, United Kingdom, 2005, 458 pp., see pp. 42-43.
[27] See the articles “A Jewish Esoteric School”, and “Blavatsky, Judaism and Nazism”.
[28] “Old New Land”,
Theodor Herzl, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, third printing, 2000, 296
pp., see pp. 66-67. Translated from German by Lotta Levensohn.
[29] Abraham
Isaac Kook, “Musar Avikha”, p. 96; English translation in Benjamin Ish Shalom
and Shalom Rosenberg (eds.), “The World of Rav Kook’s Thought” (Jerusalem: Avi
Chai, 1991), p. 212. Quoted at the book “To Heal a Fractured World” (The Ethics
of Responsibility), by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, Schocken Books, a division of
Random House, Inc., New York, 2005, 280 pp., p. 10.
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The article “Theosophy and the Second World War” was published in the associated websites in August 2010 and expanded in 2019. Since July 2019, it is also available in the theosophical blog at “The Times of Israel”.
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Read more:
* Israel as a Utopia.
* Israel, the Old New Land.
* Theosophy and the Middle East.
* Blavatsky, Judaism and Nazism.
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