The Portuguese-Brazilian
Thinker Who
Was
a Friend of Jews, Indians, and Black People
Encyclopaedia
Britannica
A
portrait of António Vieira
An Editorial Note:
Every modern nation has fore-runners and pioneers who anticipated
centuries ago the theosophical spirit of universal wisdom and
unlimited brotherhood.
António Vieira (1608-1697) is an example of that in the
Portuguese-Brazilian world. A fierce polemist who raised many ethical
questions and taught deep tenets of universal wisdom under the outer
language of Christianity, Vieira was formally a Jesuit, but not in
spirit.
By 1650 the highest
Jesuitic authority in Rome persecuted him and would have had Vieira
expelled from that Order - which at the time might mean torture and Death -,
had not the Portuguese king defended him. One decade later Vieira was put
into prison by the Inquisition in Portugal, under charges of heresy.
Several years passed before he was released from jail, again due to
Karma.
Vieira defended peace. He proclaimed
the rights of Brazilian Indians to Life and Liberty, and advocated the rights
of Jews. He died on July 18, 1697, almost 90 years old and having left for
posterity an amazing amount of writings which are now published and make dozens
of volumes. Among many other topics, he has a unique and enlightening approach
to the process of psychological Pain, which the Buddhists call Dukkha,
Affliction, and say that it is the “First Noble Truth” regarding life.
(In “Sermões”, A. Vieira,
1957 ed., volume XXII.)
Vieira was a prophet of the creative synthesis
between celestial and terrestrial forms of consciousness, that must emerge in
our mankind’s future. Using the Christian and prophetic language of his time,
he anticipated the impulse for the better future which is present at the core
of the modern theosophical effort.
The messianic naiveté with which he looks at many
an aspect of life was a weakness of his time and culture and does not cancel
the great depth of his vision. His book “The History of Future” is a classic.
We reproduce below his biography as published in
the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1967 edition.
(Carlos Cardoso Aveline)
Vieira, António (1608-1697)
Portuguese Jesuit, diplomat,
writer and orator, a great master of classical Portuguese prose. Born at Lisbon
on Feb. 6, 1608, his life span coincided with a critical period in the history
of Portugal and Brazil, and he played an active and at times a leading role on
both sides of the Atlantic.
His sermons, letters and
state papers form the best collective source for the understanding of the
climate of opinion in 17th-century Portugal and Brazil. In an age when the
pulpit had great power in forming public opinion, Vieira’s sermons were among
the most famous and influential, “being bought up as fast as they are printed,
and sent for out of all parts of Spain, Italy and France”, as a contemporary
Englishman noted.
He was a prolific letter
writer, and his correspondence is the more valuable in that he was a
well-placed, intelligent and critical observer who frequently wrote at white
heat and without reserve. His state papers on such varied subjects as
diplomatic negotiations with the Dutch, Portugal’s economic ills and their
remedies, toleration for the crypto-Jews, or “New Christians”, and freedom for
the Indians of Brazil are models of clear and incisive reasoning and exercised
great influence in the councils of the crown. A great historical and literary
figure, Vieira may be considered the most remarkable man in 17th century
Luso-Brazilian world.
Vieira went with his parents
to Brazil in 1614. He was educated by the Jesuits at Bahia and entered the
Society in 1623, being ordained as a priest in 1634. He became the most popular
and influential preacher in the colony. Many of his sermons were calls to
battle against the Dutch invaders who occupied northeast Brazil from 1630 to
1654, and others contained devastating criticisms of the colonial authorities.
He also worked among the Amerinds and the Negro slaves, though he was not
allowed by his superiors to devote his whole life to ministering to them as he
had hoped to do. He returned to Portugal in 1641, as a member of a Brazilian
mission sent to congratulate King John IV on his accession. The king fell under
the spell of Vieira’s self-assured and magnetic personality, and soon came to
regard the tall, lean, dynamic Jesuit as “the greatest man with the world”.
Vieira repaid him with a passionate devotion which, after John’s death (1656),
became a hallucination that he would rise from the dead to inaugurate the fifth
biblical universal monarchy under Portuguese leadership.
Between 1646 and 1650,
Vieira was employed on confidential diplomatic missions to Holland, France and
Italy, but none of them was successful, and he made himself unpopular with many
Portuguese by his outspoken advocacy of toleration for the persecuted
crypto-Jews and of peace at any price with the Dutch.
The Jesuit general at Rome,
embarrassed by Vieira’s multifarious activities, resolved to dismiss him from
the Society, but the king intervened and the matter was dropped. At the end of
1652 he was sent to the Maranhão and the Amazon delta mission fields [in Brazil], where he remained for the
next nine years, except for a brief visit to Portugal (1654-55). During this
time he displayed as much energy and ardour in work among the savages of the
South American rivers and jungles, as he had shown in his political activities
in the European capitals and courts. He learned several of the local languages
of the Amazon delta, in addition to the Tupi-Guarani, or lingua franca, of the
Brazilian littoral and the Kimbundu of the Negro slaves from Angola.
His caustic criticism of the
colonists’ enslavement of the Indians led to his expulsion and deportation to
Portugal in Sept. 1661. He was first received sympathetically by the court, but
a palace revolution in June 1662 brought his enemies to power, and the
Inquisition, which had long disliked him, arrested and tried him for his
messianic beliefs concerning the future of Portugal and the resurrection of
King John IV. Luckily for him, his sentence coincided with another palace
revolution which brought the prince regent Dom Pedro and his own friends to
power, and he was released in 1668. But his old influence at court was gone,
and he spent the years from 1669 to 1675 at Rome trying to secure the annulment
of his sentence and a degree of toleration for the crypto-Jews. He did secure
the partial revision of his sentence, and a papal brief exempting him from any
further molestation by the Portuguese Inquisition, but he ultimately failed to
attain his second object, though securing the suspension of the Inquisition’s
anti-Jewish activities for five years (1676-81).
He returned to Bahia in 1681
with the intention of ending his days in Brazil, and there he died on July 18,
1697, a paralyzed physical wreck, but mentally active and a fighter for the
freedom of the Indians to the last.
Bibliography - The standard
biography is by J. L. d’Azevedo, Historia de António Vieira, 2 vol.
(1918-20). He has also edited the best edition of correspondence, Cartas do Padre António Vieira, 3 vol.
(1925-28). For a definitive bibliography of works by and on Vieira, see Serafim Leite, S.J., História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil,
10 vol., vol. ix, pp. 192-363 (1938-50). See
also
Padre António Vieira. Obras Escolhidas,
ed. by António Sérgio and Hêrnani Cidade, 12 vol. (1951-54); C. R. Boxer, A Great Luso-Brazilian Figure. Padre António
Vieira S.J. (1957). (Cs.
R.B.)
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The above text is available in the associated websites since May 2015. It is reproduced from the June 2013 edition of “The Aquarian Theosophist”. The editorial note has been revised.
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On the role of the esoteric movement in
the ethical awakening of mankind during the 21st century, see the book “The Fire and Light of Theosophical
Literature”, by Carlos Cardoso Aveline.
Published in
2013 by The Aquarian Theosophist,
the volume has 255 pages and can be obtained through Amazon Books.
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