A Classic Review of the Main
Work in Raja Yoga Philosophy
Author Uncertain
Helena Blavatsky and M.N. Dvivedi
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A 2018 Editorial Note:
While there is
no undisputable evidence about
the authorship
of the following article [1], it is
certainly in
harmony with Helena P. Blavatsky’s
views. H.P.B.
had deep respect for Dvivedi’s
works, and she
was the editor of the magazine
where this
unsigned review was first published.
Sure, Blavatsky did
not use to make personal praises
as the ones present
in the first lines of the article, or in
its last paragraph.
However, she did consider Dvivedi’s
writings
significant. It is rather evident that she agreed in
general lines with this
review. She may even have helped shape
parts of the article
during editorial work. We don’t know about that.
(Carlos Cardoso
Aveline)
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Our learned brothers Tookaram
Tatya and M. N. Dvivedi have laid us under a fresh obligation, the one by
publishing, the other by producing this new edition of the immortal work of
Patanjali.[2] Without doubt it is
the best edition yet presented to the English reading public, and will be
welcomed by every Theosophist acquainted with one or another of the already
existing translations and commentaries.
Following the good example of the arrangement
by brothers Judge and Connelly, it dispenses with the annoying brackets of
Govindadeva Shastri’s translation. But this is the least of its merits, for not
only are the improvements in translation numerous, but the annotations of our
learned professor follow with unvarying regularity each aphorism, written in an
excellently clear style which will render the difficulties of the text, already
considerably modified by Dvivedi in his translation, within the comprehension
of every careful student.
The professor points out a fact that Western
students are not sufficiently aware of, viz., that the study of Patanjali
assumes an intimate acquaintance with the evolutionary system of the Sankhya
philosophy of Kapila, which may be rendered as the numbering or analysis of the
universe. The Yoga system adds the conception of Ishwara, or god,
but whether Patanjali intended this term to connote a personal or impersonal
deity is still a matter of dispute among the learned, in fact adhuc sub
judice lis est. On page 94, Professor Dvivedi drops a useful hint in
saying: “What Patanjali calls mind throughout is called Prakriti by
Kapila”; this is a veritable Ariadne’s thread which will lead the steadfast
enquirer to a remarkable discovery, for if the key to the apparently
materialistic “atomism” of the Sankhya is once grasped, it will
translate itself into the most spiritual and occult metaphysics the mind can
conceive.
Generally speaking the annotation of this
translation contains a large number of useful aids and suggestions for the
student of occultism, especially with regard to reincarnation and the
independent action of the mind. The idea of the supreme state attained by the
Yogis is also well explained. It is called, in the Yoga-Sutra, Kaivalya
and is “a state in which there is entire cessation of all desire, and when the
nature of the essence of all consciousness is known, there is no room for any
action of the mind, the source of all phenomena”. It is defined in the text as
“the power of the soul centred in itself”, and further explained by the
translator as “not any state of negation or annihilation as some are misled to
think”. And he adds, “The soul in Kaivalya has its sphere of action
transferred to a higher plane. . . . . . This our limited minds cannot hope to
understand.”
It is impossible for all except the finest
Sanskrit scholars to pass a sufficient criticism on the translation of the
aphorisms, although a comparison with other translations will easily place
Dvivedi’s in the front rank, both from the point of view of philosophy and
comprehensibility. We shall, therefore, only remark on a few of the most
salient points in the notes. Shraddha, which is translated by that
scapegoat of a word “faith”, is thus explained:
“Faith is the form and the pleasant conviction
of the mind as regards the efficacy of yoga. True faith always leads to
energic action, which again, by the potency of its vividness, calls to mind all
previous knowledge of the subject. This is energy which leads to proper
discrimination of right and wrong.”
In commentating on the “Word of Glory”, the Pranava,
the mystic Word OM, and its repetition, the annotator says:
“Japa means repetition, but it should be
accompanied by proper meditation on the meaning of the words or syllables
repeated. The best way is Mânasa, i.e., mental, such that it
never ceases even during work, nay, even in sleep.”
Verb. sat. sap.! The 40th and
following aphorisms of Book II deal with “purity” and it is interesting to
remark how these spiritual sciences of old insisted on “mental” purity as of
the first importance. How little has the solitary hint, “he that looketh on a
woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery already with her in his
heart”, been understood by the West! And how desperately we need the
knowledge of such elementary facts of Eastern occultism, and the Gupta Vidya,
is known but too well and miserably by all Western students. The “unco guid”
scowl at Tolstoi, when he points to the knot that is choking them; still they
will have to get their fingers on it some day if they do not wish to be “cast
out into the swine”.
The very difficult and obscure aphorisms IX et
seq., Book III, are
explained more intelligently than heretofore. After explaining Nirodha
as meaning “the interception of all transformations, or thought and
distractions”, and further elucidating that these distractions are not those
ordinarily understood, but “the distraction which is still there (sc.,
in the mind), in the form of Samprajnâta or conscious Samâdhi,
the result of Samyama” (i.e., the union of the three processes: Dhâranâ,
contemplation, or “the fixing of the mind on something external or internal”; Dhyâna,
the making of the mind one with the object thought of; and Samâdhi, the
forgetting of this act and the becoming one with the object of thought) - he
says:
“The moment the mind begins to pass from one
state to the other (sc., from conscious to so-called ‘unconscious’ trance), two distinct
processes begin, viz., the slow but sure going out of the impressions
which distract, and the equally gradual but certain rise of the impressions
that intercept. When the intercepting impressions gain complete supremacy, the
moment of interception is achieved, and the mind transforms itself into this
intercepting moment, so to speak. It is in the interval of this change that the
mind may droop and fall into what is called laya or a state of passive
dulness, leading to all the miseries of irresponsible mediumship.”
He reiterates this “warning” again in another
passage when saying: “Mere passive trance is a dangerous practice, as it leads
to the madness of irresponsible mediumship”; and again in describing the four
Yoga states, he says:
“When the Yogin passes from the first
state and enters the second, his danger begins. He is en rapport
with those regions that are not amenable to ordinary vision, and is therefore
open to danger from beings of that realm, good, bad, and indifferent. These are
called Devas - powers of places, i.e., powers prevailing over
various places or forces, such as residence in heaven, company of beautiful
women, &c. . . . . But besides these temptations, either seen or unseen,
there may be various other ways, both physical as well as spiritual, in which
the aspirant may be worried, frightened, or anyhow thrown off his guard, and
tempted or ruined. The only remedy for all this mischief is supreme
non-attachment, which consists in not taking pleasure in the enjoyment of the
temptations, as well as not taking pride in one’s power to call up such. A
steady calm will carry the Yogin safe to the end. If this cannot be
done, the very evils from which the Yogin seeks release would harass
with redoubled strength.”
Oyez, Oyez, ye
psychics!
In annotating the XVII aphorism of the same
Book, Professor Dvivedi gives us a very interesting exposition of the Sphota
doctrine.
“Sphota”, he says, “is a something
indescribable which eternally exists apart from the letters forming any word,
and is yet inseparably connected with it, for it reveals (Sphota,
that which is revealed) itself on the utterance of that word. In like manner
the meaning of a sentence is also revealed, so to speak, from the
collective sense of the words used.”
So also with nature sounds, cries of animals,
&c. By a knowledge of the Tatwas and the practice of Samyama,
the yogin can sense all sounds; this is one of the Siddhis or
“powers latent in man”.
The appendix contains some selections from the Hathapradipikâ
which deals with the practice of Hathavidya, that is Hathayoga,
of which the less said the better. The diet recommended, however, may be useful
to Vegetarians. It is: “wheat, rice, barley, milk, ghee, sugar, butter,
sugar-candy, honey, dry ginger, five vegetables (not green), oats and natural
waters”. This puts us in mind of another interesting passage in the notes on
aphorism XXX Book II, which enjoins forbearance from five evils, and is almost
identical with the Buddhist Pansil. The word himsâ is translated,
for want of a better term, “killing”, and thus explained:
“It means the wishing evil to any being by
word, act, or thought, and abstinence from this kind of killing is the only
thing strongly required. It obviously implies abstinence from animal food,
inasmuch as it is never procurable without direct or indirect himsâ of
some kind. The avoidance of animal food from another point of view is also
strongly to be recommended, as it always leads to the growth of animality to
the complete obscuration and even annihilation of intuition and spirituality.
It is to secure this condition of being with nature and never against it, or in
other words being in love with nature, that all other restrictions are
prescribed.”
This is further explained in the note to
aphorism XXXV, where it is said:
“The abstinence here implied is not the merely
negative state of not killing, but positive feeling of universal love. . . . .
When one has acquired this confirmed habit of mind, even natural antipathy is
held in abeyance in his presence; needless to add that no one harms or injures
him. All beings, men, animals, birds, - approach him without fear and mix with
him without reserve.”
Finally, if any one raise the question “cui
bono; what good can such books do to us Westerns”; they will not have
far to seek. We have already heard threatening rumours that some of our best
minds, who have been fed solely on the intellectual husks of modern research,
have raised the cry, “there is no scientific basis, no raison d’être for
ethics; all such unscientific garbage is hysterical emotionalism”. The ancient
soul-science of Aryavarta gives such objectors the “lie direct”. As well stated
in our thoughtful and learned pundit’s introduction:
“A system of ethics not based on rational
demonstration of the universe is of no practical value. It is only a system of
the ethics of individual opinions and individual convenience. It has no
activity and therefore no strength. The aim of human existence is happiness,
progress, and all ethics teach men how to attain the one and achieve the other.
The question, however, remains, what is happiness and what is progress? These
are issues not yet solved in any satisfactory manner by the known systems of
ethics. The reason is not far to seek. The modern tendency is to separate
ethics from physics or rational demonstration of the universe, and thus make it
a science resting on nothing but the irregular whims and caprices of
individuals and nations.”
“In India, ethics have ever been associated
with religion. Religion has ever been an attempt to solve the mystery of
nature, to understand the phenomena of nature, and to realise the place of man
in nature. Every religion has its philosophical as well as ethical aspect, and
the latter without the former has, here at least, no meaning. If every religion
has its physical and ethical side, it has its psychological side as well. There
is no possibility of establishing relations between physics and ethics, but
through psychology. Psychology enlarges the conclusions of physics and confirms
the ideal of morality.”
This “missing link” will be found everywhere in
Manilal Nabhubhai Dvivedi’s book, and we are delighted to congratulate both him
on his work, and also those who will be fortunate enough to be persuaded to study
this valuable contribution to Theosophical literature.
NOTES:
[1] Original title: “The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali”. First
published at the London magazine “Lucifer”, February 1891, pp. 509-512. The
word “Lucifer” is a pre-Christian, Latin term meaning “light-bringer”. The word
refers to the planet Venus, the morning star, and has been grossly distorted by
Christian priests. (CCA)
[2] “The Yoga-Sutra of
Patanjali”, Translation, with Introduction, Appendix, and Notes, based upon
several authentic Commentaries, by Manilal Nabhubhai Dvivedi, sometime
Professor of Sanskrit, Sâmaladâsa College. Click to see the book in one of our associated websites.
First published by Tookaram Tatya for the Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund,
1890. (CCA)
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See the book “The Yoga-Sutra of Patanjali”.
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The article “The Yoga-Sutra in Dvivedi’s Version” was
published in our websites on 28 August 2018.
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Read the book by William Q.
Judge entitled “The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali”.
You might like to see the articles “Experiencing the Yoga Aphorisms”, by
Carlos Cardoso Aveline; “The Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali”, by
Katherine Hillard; and “Reflections on Patanjali’s Yoga”, by
The Theosophical Movement.
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